Formulating Wave Overtopping at Vertical and Sloping Structures with Shallow Foreshores Using Deep-Water Wave Characteristics

The state-of-the-art formulas for mean wave overtopping (q) assessment typically require conditions at the toe of structure as input. However, structures built either on land or in very shallow water, obtaining accurate estimates height and period often proves difficult requires use physical modeling high-resolution numerical models. Here, we follow Goda's method to establish an prediction methodology both vertical sloping based entirely deep-water characteristics—where influence foreshore is captured by directly incorporating slope relative water depth (htoe/Hm0,deep). Findings show that q decreases exponentially with htoe/Hm0,deep due decrease incident energy; however, rate reduction extremely (htoe/Hm0,deep ≤ 0.1) increased wave-induced setup infragravity waves—which act long-period fluctuations level—generated nonlinear transformation over foreshore.